Lung Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Effects, Prevention and Treatment

Lung Cancer – Symptoms, Causes, Effects, Prevention and Treatment

Lung cancer is caused by uncontrolled rapid growth of cells in tissues. This type of cancer is most common and results in more than a million deaths  
everyear. This form of cancer is indicated by weight loss or coughing up blood or regularly going out of breath .

Lung cancer can be noticed on chest radiograph also called CT Scan. The treatment that one gets depends on the stage that one is in .Treatment of cancer  
include surgery ,chemotherapy and radiotherapy .

CLASSIFICATION

Lung cancers are classified after studying under them microscope .Classification is necessary as different type of cancer is treated differently.
Large portion of lung cancer are carcinomas – malignancies that grow from epithical cells .Lung-carcinomas are categorized into two types : non-small and  
small-cell lung carcinoma. Non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma account for 80.4% and 16.8% frequency of lung cancer, respectively .

NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA

The non-small cell lung carcinomas are grouped together as their prognosis and management are same upto  some extent .They are further classified into three  
types :  squamous cell lung carcinoma ,adenocarcinoma and large cell lung carcinoma .

Squamous cell lung cancer originates near a central bronchus .They account for 25% of lung cancers .

Adenocarcinoma starts in perpheral lung tissue . The cases of adenocarcinoma are a result of smoking .They accounts to 40% of non-small cell lung cancers.

SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA

This type of lung cancer is rare . It is sometimes referred to as “oat cell” carcinoma. Most of the times they originate from larger airways (primary and  
secondary bronchi ) and from there they grow at a rapid pace . This type of lung cancer if mostly associated with smoking.

SECONDARY CANCERS

These cancers are classified on the basis of site of origin like breast cancer but has spread to the lung . Majority of the lung cancers in children are  
secondary

STAGING OF LUNG CANCER

Lung cancer staging is used to asses the degree of spread of the cancer from its place of origin . It is an important factor that determines the potential  
treatment of lung cancer. The degree starts from 1A to 4 ,1A being best prognosis and 4 being worst .

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

1. Voice becoming hoarse .

2. Sudden loss of weight .

3. Feeling pain in chest region or abdomen .

4. Difficulty in swallowing .

5. Loss of appetite .

6. Running out of breath .

Many of the symptoms of lung cancer mentioned above are non-specific .By the time they notice symptoms or signs , cancer has already spread from place of  
origin . Very few people with lung cancer have signs at time of diagnosis ,these cancers are noticed on routine chest radiograph .

CAUSES

The three main causes of cancer are : carcinogens (which is found in tobacco ) ,viral infection and ionizing radiation .If exposed , it causes changes to  
DNA in tissue lining the bronchi of the lungs . With more and more tissues getting damaged , cancer develops .

SMOKING

Smoking is the main cause of cancer . In one cigarette , there are 60 different known types of carcinogens like radiostopes  and nitrosamine . Smoking is  
believed to cause 80% of lung cancer cases . The risk is generally less in non-smokers.

The time that a person smokes proportionately increases the chances of lung cancer . There has been cases that if a person stops smoking , the damaged cells  
gradually gets repaired .

In non-smokers , passive smoking is the main causes of lung-cancer. Passive smoking is one inhaled from another person’s smoking .

RADON GAS

The gas produced from breakdown of radium .This gas is colourless and odorless .Exposure to radiation ionize the gentic material , causing mutations that  
sometimes turn cancerous .
Exposure to radon gas is the second major cause of lung-cancer after smoking .  

ASBESTOS

Asbestos is responsible for causing a number of cancer ,one among them is lung cancer . In UK , asbestos accounts for 2 to 3% of the total cases of lung  
cancer.

VIRUS

Viruses are responsible for causing lung-cancer in animals .And research has shown of similar potential in humans.

PARTICULATE MATTER
Particulate matter has a direct link to lung cancer cases .The size and quantity of particles in air determines the risk of getting lung-cancer .If  
concentration of particles increases beyond 1% ,then the chances of getting lung cancer increases by 14%.

PATHOGENESIS

Just like may other cancer forms , lung cancer is started by activation of ocnogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressing genes .Ocnogenes are those genes  
that make people more vulnerable to cancer .Ocnogenes are produced from proto-ocnogens ,when the latter is exposed to particular carcinogens.In k-ras proto-
oncogene , mutations takes place which are responsible for 10 to 30% of lung adenocarcinomas . Tumor invasion ,angiogenesis ,apoptosis ,cell profileration  
are regulated by the Epidermal growth factor receptor .Mutations and amplification of EGFR are common in non-small cell lung cancer .The  basis for treatment  
with EGFR-inhibitors are also provided by Mutation and amplification of EGFR .Chromosomal damage can lead to loss of heterozygosity which can result in  
inactivation of tumor suppressor genes . Damage to four of these chromosomes :3p ,5q ,13 q and 17 p are common in small cell lung-carcinoma .The p53 ,which  
is a tumor suppressor gene ,located on chromosome 17p is affected in most of the cases .c-MET ,NKX2-1 ,LKB1,PIK3A and BRAF are also mutated or amplified .

Various genetic polymorphisms are supplementary to lung cancer .Some of them include polymorphisms in genes coding for interleukin-1 ,cytochrome p450  
,apoptosis promoters such as caspase-8 ,and XRCC1 ,which is DNA repair molecule . People having these polymorphisms are more likely to develop lung cancer on  
being exposed to carcinogens.

The research has revealed that MDM2 309G allele is a low-penetrant risk factor for developing lung cancer is Asians.

DIAGNOSIS

If a person has reported symptoms that might suggest lung cancer ,then chest radiograph is performed in the first step .The test reveals the widening of  
mediastinium ,atelectasis and pleural effusion .Even if there are no radiographic findings but the hint of lung cancer if high because of things like the  
person being heavy smoker with blood-stained sputum then CT-Scan may provide the necessary data .

If findings are unnatural in cells in sputum ,then they multiplies the risk of lung cancer. Early detection can be done by Sputum cytologic examination  
together with other screening examinations.

The differential diagnosis  for those patients who show irregularities on chest cardiograph consider lung cancer along with nonmalignant diseases. These  
consider infectious reasons like tuberculosis or pneumonia .The above mentioned diseases can lead to lung nodules .

PREVENTION

Prevention ,just like always , is better than cure .Steps in this direction have been taken by may countries by identifying carcinogens and banning them but  
tobacco ,which is the major cause of lung cancer , is still common. Eliminating cigarette smoking is first hand target in the prevention of lung cancer .

Steps to lessen Passive smoking have also being taken by banning smoking in public places and workplaces .

New Zealand has restricted smoking in open places .A similar step is also taken by chandigarh ,india .

Bhutan has criminalized smoking since 2005 .

SCREENING

Screening is used to detect disease by doing medical tests when the patient is not showing any symptoms . Chest radiograph or computed tomography are the  
tests used for screening of lung cancer .But ,results have shown , that screening tests for lung cancer rarely has shown any benefit .

SURGERY

If doctors have detected lung cancer , then CT scan and positron emission tomography are usually applied to check if the disease is placed and surgery can be  
done or it has moved to the point where performing surgery is not possible .

Surgery can only be performed if spirometry reveals good respiratory reserve , but if it is poor , then surgery is not possible . Even surgery has a death  
operative rate of 4.4% but that is because of patient’s lung function and other factors .

CHEMoTHERAPY

Chemotherapy ,along with radiation ,is used to treat small cell lung carcinoma.Primary chemotherapy is also used in metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma  
.

RADIOTHERAPY

Radiotherapy , with chemotherapy ,is given when patient is not fit to under go surgery . This type of high intensity radiotherapy is called radical  
radiotherapy .CHART (continuos hyperfractioned accelerated radiotherapy ) is refined version of this technique in which a high dose of radiotherapy is given  
for a short period of time .

When cancer affects a short section of bronchus , then brachytherapy is given.

EPIDEMOLOGY

Lung cancer is the most widely reported cancer  .There are 1.35 million cases every year and 1.18 million deaths . Lung cancer develop among those who have a  
history of smoking over a long period of years i.e 50 years and above .

In addition to smoking , passive smoking is also a factor that causes lung cancer .Even the emissions from factories , automobiles ,  power plants pose a  
threat to human health .

Lung cancer is found to have a reciprocal effect with sunlight and UVB exposure .This id due to effect of Vitamin D , produced in skin during exposure to  
sunlight .