Q&A: When do people typically get lung cancer?

Posted on December 4, 2011 by duncan

Question by SammyK: When do people typically get lung cancer?
I’m doing a cancer project in my Bio class i can’t find the age rang that lung cancer normally develops lung caner. Please help.

Best answer:

Answer by Moderate Somber
Although there can be an onset during the 20’s. Most lung cancer develops when people are in their 50’s and beyond and most are related to smoking, though non-smokers can get it too. It is one of the most deadly forms of cancer. If discovered at stage IV which is not uncommon the likelihood of living more than five years is about than 1 in 10.

Know better? Leave your own answer in the comments!

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Uterus Cancer treatment in india at low price

Posted on December 4, 2011 by duncan

Uterus Cancer treatment in india at low price

Article by Pankaj Nagpal









Uterus Cancer treatment in india at low price

(Uterine Cancer)

Uterine cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer (i.e., cancer that originates in female reproductive system). It develops in the body of the uterus, or womb, which is a hollow organ located in the lower abdomen. The wall of the uterus is comprised of an inner lining and an outer layer of muscle tissue (called the myometrium).

Endometrial cancer (Uterine Cancer) is most common after the reproductive years, between the ages of 60 and 70. Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer, but there are other cells in the uterus that can become cancerous – such as muscle or myometrial cells.

Endometrial cancer (Uterine Cancer) is often detected at an early stage because it frequently produces vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods or after menopause. If discovered early, this slow-growing cancer is likely to be confined to the uterus. Removing the uterus surgically often eliminates all of the cancer. In fact, stage I Endometrial cancer is successfully treated more than 90 percent of the time.

Causes of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine cancer)

Endometrial Cancer (Uterine cancer) seems linked to several predisposing factors : -abnormal uterine bleeding.diabetes.familial tendency.history of uterine polyps or Endometrial hyperplasia.hypertension.low fertility index and anovulation.nulliparity.obesity.Uninterrupted estrogen stimulation.In most cases, uterine cancer is an adenocarcinoma that metastasizes late, usually from the endometrium to the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other peritoneal structures. It may spread to distant organs, such as the lungs and the brain, through the blood or the lymphatic system

Uterine cancer usually affects postmenopausal women between ages 50 and 60;

Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)The doctor performs a pelvic exam, checking the vagina, uterus, ovaries, bladder, and rectum for Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer). The doctor feels these organs for any lumps or changes in their shape or size. An instrument called a speculum is used to widen the vagina so the doctor can see the upper portion of the vagina and the cervix.The Pap test is often performed during a pelvic exam Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer). The doctor uses a wooden scraper (spatula) or small brush to collect a sample of cells from the cervix and upper vagina. The cells are then sent to a medical laboratory to be checked for abnormal changes. Because uterine cancer begins inside the uterus, it may not show up on a Pap test, which examines cells from the cervix.A biopsy is necessary to help the doctor make a diagnosis. A biopsy can usually be done in the doctor’s place. In a biopsy, the doctor removes a sample of tissue from the uterine lining. In some cases, a woman may require a dilation and curettage (D&C), which is usually same-day surgery done in a hospital with anesthesia. During a D&C, the opening of the cervix is widened and the doctor scrapes tissue from the lining of the uterus. A pathologist examines the tissue to check for cancer cells, hyperplasia, or other conditions. After a D&C, women may have cramps and vaginal bleeding during healing.Common Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer) Symptoms

Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)symptoms are often what prompt women to seek medical attention. Most of the time, the disease remains silent until it has spread to nearby tissues and organs.

abnormal bleeding- heavy bleeding between periods, or heavy bleeding during irregular periods.pain during sexual intercourse.pelvic pain or pain in the legs or back.difficulty urinating or pain during urination.enlarged uterus found upon medical exam.vaginal discharge that can be thick or watery; pink or brown; and foul smelling.unexpected weight loss.

Medical Treatment of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)

Surgical Treatment of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)in India : – Surgery is the best option when Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer) is diagnosed in its very early stages. At this time, the location and the stage of cancer make removal easy. Sometimes patients are treated with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy. There are several surgical procedures that can be used and the choice of which procedure is used depends on the type and stage of the cancer.

Hysterectomy in India : – Almost all women with Endometrial cancer (except those with advanced or stage IV) are treated with a hysterectomy. They may also receive additional treatment. A simple hysterectomy involves the removal of the uterus, making the woman unable to have children. In a procedure known as bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, both ovaries, the fallopian tubes and the uterus are removed. This may be necessary because Endometrial cancer often spreads to the ovaries first.

Radiation therapy in India : – Sometimes radioactive pellets are placed inside the body near the tumor. This is called brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy. Fatigue, upset stomach, diarrhea and nausea are also common complaints of women having radiation therapy. Read More.

Chemotherapy in India : – uses anticancer drugs to kill the cancer cells. The drugs are given orally or intravenously. They enter the bloodstream and can travel to all parts of the body to kill cancer cells. Generally, a combination of drugs is given since it is more effective than a single drug in treating cancer. Side effects of this treatment include stomach upset, vomiting, appetite loss, hair loss, mouth or vaginal sores, fatigue, menstrual cycle changes and premature menopause. Read More.

Hormonal therapy : -uses drugs like progesterone that will slow the growth of Endometrial cells. These drugs are usually available as pills. This therapy is usually reserved for women with advanced or recurrent disease.

Please log on to: What is Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)?Causes of Endometrial CancerSymptoms of Endometrial CancerDiagnosis of Endometrial CancerTreatment of Endometrial Cancer in India

Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)

Uterine (Endometrial) cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer (i.e., cancer that originates in female reproductive system). It develops in the body of the uterus, or womb, which is a hollow organ located in the lower abdomen. The wall of the uterus is comprised of an inner lining (called the endometrium) and an outer layer of muscle tissue (called the myometrium).

Endometrial cancer (Uterine Cancer) is most common after the reproductive years, between the ages of 60 and 70. Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer, but there are other cells in the uterus that can become cancerous – such as muscle or myometrial cells.

Endometrial cancer (Uterine Cancer) is often detected at an early stage because it frequently produces vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods or after menopause. If discovered early, this slow-growing cancer is likely to be confined to the uterus. Removing the uterus surgically often eliminates all of the cancer. In fact, stage I Endometrial cancer is successfully treated more than 90 percent of the time.

Causes of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine cancer)

Endometrial Cancer (Uterine cancer) seems linked to several predisposing factors : -abnormal uterine bleeding.diabetes.familial tendency.history of uterine polyps or Endometrial hyperplasia.hypertension.low fertility index and anovulation.nulliparity.obesity.Uninterrupted estrogen stimulation.

In most cases, uterine cancer is an adenocarcinoma that metastasizes late, usually from the endometrium to the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other peritoneal structures. It may spread to distant organs, such as the lungs and the brain, through the blood or the lymphatic system

Uterine cancer usually affects postmenopausal women between ages 50 and 60;

Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)The doctor performs a pelvic exam, checking the vagina, uterus, ovaries, bladder, and rectum for Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer). The doctor feels these organs for any lumps or changes in their shape or size. An instrument called a speculum is used to widen the vagina so the doctor can see the upper portion of the vagina and the cervix.The Pap test is often performed during a pelvic exam Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer). The doctor uses a wooden scraper (spatula) or small brush to collect a sample of cells from the cervix and upper vagina. The cells are then sent to a medical laboratory to be checked for abnormal changes. Because uterine cancer begins inside the uterus, it may not show up on a Pap test, which examines cells from the cervix.A biopsy is necessary to help the doctor make a diagnosis. A biopsy can usually be done in the doctor’s place. In a biopsy, the doctor removes a sample of tissue from the uterine lining. In some cases, a woman may require a dilation and curettage (D&C), which is usually same-day surgery done in a hospital with anesthesia. During a D&C, the opening of the cervix is widened and the doctor scrapes tissue from the lining of the uterus. A pathologist examines the tissue to check for cancer cells, hyperplasia, or other conditions. After a D&C, women may have cramps and vaginal bleeding during healing.

Common Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer) Symptoms

Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)symptoms are often what prompt women to seek medical attention. Most of the time, the disease remains silent until it has spread to nearby tissues and organs.

abnormal bleeding- heavy bleeding between periods, or heavy bleeding during irregular periods.pain during sexual intercourse.pelvic pain or pain in the legs or back.difficulty urinating or pain during urination.enlarged uterus found upon medical exam.vaginal discharge that can be thick or watery; pink or brown; and foul smelling.unexpected weight loss.

Medical Treatment of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)

Surgical Treatment of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)in India : – Surgery is the best option when Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer) is diagnosed in its very early stages. At this time, the location and the stage of cancer make removal easy. Sometimes patients are treated with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy. There are several surgical procedures that can be used and the choice of which procedure is used depends on the type and stage of the cancer.

Hysterectomy in India : – Almost all women with Endometrial cancer (except those with advanced or stage IV) are treated with a hysterectomy. They may also receive additional treatment. A simple hysterectomy involves the removal of the uterus, making the woman unable to have children. In a procedure known as bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, both ovaries, the fallopian tubes and the uterus are removed. This may be necessary because Endometrial cancer often spreads to the ovaries first.

Radiation therapy in India : – Sometimes radioactive pellets are placed inside the body near the tumor. This is called brachytherapy or internal radiation therapy. Fatigue, upset stomach, diarrhea and nausea are also common complaints of women having radiation therapy. Read More.

Chemotherapy in India : – uses anticancer drugs to kill the cancer cells. The drugs are given orally or intravenously. They enter the bloodstream and can travel to all parts of the body to kill cancer cells. Generally, a combination of drugs is given since it is more effective than a single drug in treating cancer. Side effects of this treatment include stomach upset, vomiting, appetite loss, hair loss, mouth or vaginal sores, fatigue, menstrual cycle changes and premature menopause. Read More.

Hormonal therapy : -uses drugs like progesterone that will slow the growth of Endometrial cells. These drugs are usually available as pills. This therapy is usually reserved for women with advanced or recurrent disease.

Please log on to: http://indiahospitaltour.com/cancer-treatment/endometrial-cancer-treatment-india.htmlEmail us: info@wecareindia.com




About the Author

Welcome to World Class Treatment and Surgery by We Care Health Services, India. Contact Us : http://www.indiahospital tour.com || E-mail us on : info@indiahospitaltour.com || Contact Center Tel. :(+91) 9029304141. The surgery and medical treatments offered by We Care Health Services at JCI Accredited / ISO Certified Hospitals are vast and varied; ranging from Heart Surgery in India, Cardiology to Cardio Thoracic surgery, Total Knee / Hip / Ankle / Shoulder Joint Replacement Surgery in India including ACL reconstruction Surgery to Birmingham Hip Resurfacing Surgery in India , Spine Surgery in India like Discectomy / Laminectomy Surgery, Cervical Decompression to Anterior / Posterior Spinal Fusion Surgery in India, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Cancer surgery, Sterotactic Radiotherapy, Autologous / Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant Surgery to Breast Cancer treatments, Near relative Kidney Transplant Surgery to Dialysis and Kidney Biopsy, Low Cost Liver Transplants Surgery, Hysterectomy (Vaginal / Abdominal) to Ovarian Cystectomy, Hernia repair Surgery to Cholecystectomy, Advanced Neurosurgery in India, Bariatric surgery, Gastric Bypass Surgery in India, Eye Surgery in India, Cornea Transplant, Cataract Surgery to LASIK Eye care Surgery, IVF, ICSI, Egg Donor to Surrogacy, Minimally Invasive surgery or Laparoscopic Surgery to Cochlear Implants, Breast Lift / Tummy Tuck, Face Lift to Low Cost Rhinoplasty Cosmetic Surgery, multi specialty Hospitals in India offering first world treatments with board certified highly qualified medical consultants in attendance at third world prices..










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Advanced Technology Explains Mesothelioma Mechanisms

Posted on December 4, 2011 by duncan

Advanced Technology Explains Mesothelioma Mechanisms

Article by Agatha Simona









A new way of looking at mesothelioma cancer cells is revealing some important information about the ways in which asbestos fibers affect human lung tissue.

A group of Italian researchers used a combination of synchrotron soft X-ray imaging and fluorescence microscopy to shed light on exactly what makes asbestos fibers so deadly. When it is inhaled, asbestos triggers a chain of events that can lead to mesothelioma, an aggressive cancer of the lung lining, as well as a host of other serious lung diseases. Benign mesothelioma, unlike most asbestos cancers,can surface much sooner. Signs and symptoms of mesothelioma take 15 to 40 years to surface after the initial exposure to asbestos. Benign mesothelioma on the other hand, will surface much sooner.The goal of the Italian study was to better understand the response of lung tissue to asbestos, which can help scientists in their efforts to develop effective mesothelioma treatments.

In the lungs, iron-containing asbestos fibers irritate the tissue, causing minerals and proteins to cluster around the foreign fibers in a process known as biomineralization. The resulting clusters are known as ‘asbestos bodies’ and are believed to be the body’s effort to isolate asbestos from the surrounding tissue. They are characteristic of mesothelioma and other asbestos-diseases.

With the help of the advanced imaging techniques, the researchers report having “revealed the location, distribution and elemental composition of asbestos bodies and associated nanometric structures.” Specifically, they found that the composition of the minerals that form the asbestos body can provide a distinct ‘fingerprint’ for the core asbestos fiber. Chemical analysis showed the highest content of silicon was found close to the fiber itself while the outer edges of asbestos bodies tend to contain high amounts of magnesium, suggesting that magnesium may play a role in their formation.

The researchers concluded that the tests demonstrate the effectiveness of advanced synchrotron-based x-ray imaging and microspectroscopy for studying how lung tissue reacts to asbestos and causes mesothelioma. Reporting in the journal Particle and Fibre Toxicity they write, “The new results obtained by simultaneous structural and chemical analysis of tissue specimens have provided clear evidence that magnesium, in addition to iron, is also involved in the formation mechanisms of asbestos bodies.”

The study is the first time that mesothelioma-causing asbestos bodies have been evaluated in such high depth, revealing important details about asbestos bodies that even electron and optical microscopes have been unable to detect. About 3,000 Americans are diagnosed with mesothelioma every year.



About the Author

Mesothelioma cancer patient resource with questions and answers about mesothelioma, a deadly cancer caused by asbestos exposure.










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Eye Cancer Treatment in India at Low Cost.

Posted on December 3, 2011 by duncan

Eye Cancer Treatment in India at Low Cost.

Article by Pankaj Nagpal









Eye Cancer

Eye cancer can be either primary, which means the starts from the cells of the eye, or secondary, meaning that the spreads to the eye from cancer located in another part of the body.

Primary eye cancers include intraocular melanoma, intraocular lymphoma, retinoblastoma and medulloepithelioma. Intraocular melanoma is the most common primary in adults, while retinoblastoma is the most common in children.

Two types of can be found in the eyePrimary intraocular are that start inside the eyeball. In adults, melanoma is the most common primary intraocular , followed by primary intraocular lymphoma.

In children, retinoblastoma (a cancer arising from cells in the retina) is the most common primary intraocular , and medulloepithelioma is the next most common (but it is extremely rare).

Secondary intraocular cancers are cancers that have spread to the eye from another part of the body. These are not truly “eye cancers,” but they are actually more common than primary intraocular cancers.

Treatment depending on the size of Eye Cancer whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. With smaller tumors laser surgery to remove the tumor may be done. Sometimes a surgical removal of the eye is necessary to prevent the cancer from spreading. Other treatments used in combination with surgery include radiation and chemotherapy if the cancer has spread

symptomsCommon symptoms include a dark colored spot on the colored part of the eye or the iris, blurred vision, vision changes, changes in the shape of the pupil, eye pain, eye redness and nausea. Sometimes eye cancer develops with no symptoms.

The most common cancers that spread to the eye are breast and lung cancers. Usually these cancers spread to the part of the eyeball called the uvea.

SymptomsCommon symptoms include a dark colored spot on the colored part of the eye or the iris, blurred vision, vision changes, changes in the shape of the pupil, eye pain, eye redness and nausea. Sometimes eye cancer develops with no symptoms.

TreatmentTreatment depending on the size of Eye whether the has spread to other parts of the body. With smaller tumors laser surgery to remove the tumor may be done. Sometimes a surgical removal of the eye is necessary to prevent the cancer from spreading. Other treatments used in combination with surgery include radiation and chemotherapy if the has spread.Please log on to :http://www.cancertreatment-wecareindia.com/other_condition/eye_cancer.html

Please log on to :http://www.cancertreatment-wecareindia.com/other_condition/eye_cancer.html

contact Email :info@cancertreatment-wecareindia.com



About the Author

Pankaj Nagpal – About the Author:Welcome to World Class Treatment and Surgery by We Care Health Services, India. Contact Us : http://www.indiahospital tour.com || E-mail us on : info@indiahospitaltour.com || Contact Center Tel. :(+91) 9029304141. The surgery and medical treatments offered by We Care Health Services at JCI Accredited / ISO Certified Hospitals are vast and varied; ranging from Heart Surgery in India, Cardiology to Cardio Thoracic surgery, Total Knee / Hip / Ankle / Shoulder Joint Replacement Surgery in India including ACL reconstruction Surgery to Birmingham Hip Resurfacing Surgery in India , Spine Surgery in India like Discectomy / Laminectomy Surgery, Cervical Decompression to Anterior / Posterior Spinal Fusion Surgery in India, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Cancer surgery, Sterotactic Radiotherapy, Autologous / Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant Surgery to Breast Cancer treatments, Near relative Kidney Transplant Surgery to Dialysis and Kidney Biopsy, Low Cost Liver Transplants Surgery, Hysterectomy (Vaginal / Abdominal) to Ovarian Cystectomy, Hernia repair Surgery to Cholecystectomy, Advanced Neurosurgery in India, Bariatric surgery, Gastric Bypass Surgery in India, Eye Surgery in India, Cornea Transplant, Cataract Surgery to LASIK Eye care Surgery, IVF, ICSI, Egg Donor to Surrogacy, Minimally Invasive surgery or Laparoscopic Surgery to Cochlear Implants, Breast Lift / Tummy Tuck, Face Lift to Low Cost Rhinoplasty Cosmetic Surgery, multi specialty Hospitals in India offering first world treatments with board certified highly qualified medical consultants in attendance at third world prices..










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Genes May be Targets for Mesothelioma Treatment

Posted on December 3, 2011 by duncan

Genes May be Targets for Mesothelioma Treatment

Article by Agatha Simona









The same genes that can help predict which mesothelioma patients will do well after surgery, might also be good targets for gene therapy to combat the disease.

That’s the conclusion of one of the nation’s top mesothelioma experts, Dr. David Sugarbaker, and his colleagues at Brigham & Women’s Hospital in Boston. After publishing research showing that certain genes can affect patients’ post-surgical prognosis, the team looked further into the genes themselves and how they relate to mesothelioma. Most mesothelioma patients are exposed to asbestos fibers at work in industrial settings. Many countries around the world have placed controls on the use of asbestos. However, because of the length of Mesothelioma’s latency period, the number of victims around the world many continues to rise.Mesothelioma is highly resistant to standard treatments. Gene therapy, which harnesses and uses the body’s own nature defense system, is being studied as a promising alternative.

Starting with lung tissue from both healthy patients and those with malignant pleural mesothelioma, the researchers used a high-tech RNA inhibition screen to knockdown gene expression levels of the four genes in the test: ARHGDIA, COBLL1, PKM2 and TM4SF1. They then used a test called a quantitative RT-PCR to ensure that they had, in fact, inhibited expression of the selected genes in the cell samples.

The next step was to watch for changes in the rate of cellular death (apoptosis) and/or replication (mitosis). For this, the researchers used immunological assays and video-assisted microscopy. They also recorded changes in the shape and size of each cell’s nucleus. Each complete experiment was conducted three times to ensure accurate results.

The results revealed some vital information about the role of the selected genes in mesothelioma. When the ARHGDIA, COBLL1, and TM4SF1 genes were knocked down, there was a 2- to 4-fold increased in cellular death in the tumor cells. In normal cells, only the loss of the ARHGDIA gene triggered apoptosis. The PKM2 gene did not appear to affect apoptosis in either the normal cells or the tumor cells and none of the cells seemed to have any effect on mitosis.

But the fact that three of the genes tested had a clear connection to apoptosis could make them prime targets for drugs that regulate their expression in mesothelioma patients. In an article on the study in the journal BMC Cancer, the researchers conclude, “These genes, and their related intracellular signaling pathways, may represent potential therapeutic targets in mesothelioma.”



About the Author

Mesothelioma cancer patient resource with questions and answers about mesothelioma, a deadly cancer caused by asbestos exposure.










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what are the symptoms of lung cancer?

Posted on December 3, 2011 by duncan

Question by Caleb H: what are the symptoms of lung cancer?
i am an idiot. last year in october of 2006 or so i guess outside there was like burning of liek the stuff they use to make roads or w/e and i inhaled it, in the summer i smoked a cardboard cigar looking thing with nothing in it. i smoked weed here and there, no cigs. i bet i have lung cancer or some disease. what are the symptoms and how long does it take? i havent had anyhing lately.

Best answer:

Answer by Jay D
I will bet that you are not in the age group that frequently gets lung cancer. Symptoms usually consist of cough and bloody sputum when the cancer is advanced. Early on there are no symptoms.

Give your answer to this question below!

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Bladder Cancer Treatment in India at Mumbai and Bangalore at Low Cost

Posted on December 2, 2011 by duncan

Bladder Cancer Treatment in India at Mumbai and Bangalore at Low Cost

Article by Pankaj Nagpal









Bladder Cancer Treatment

OverviewThe bladder is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen (pelvis). It collects and stores urine produced by the kidneys.

• As it fills with urine, the muscular wall of the bladder stretches and the bladder gets larger.• When the bladder reaches its capacity of urine, the bladder wall contracts, although adults have voluntary control over the timing of this contraction. At the same time, a urinary control muscle (sphincter) in the urethra relaxes. The urine is then expelled from the bladder.• The urine flows through a narrow tube called the urethra and leaves the body. This process is called urination, or micturition.

Cancer occurs when normal cells undergo a transformation whereby they grow and multiply without normal controls.

• As the cells multiply, they form an area of abnormal cells. Medical professionals call this a tumor.• As more and more cells are produced, the tumor increases in size.• Tumors overwhelm surrounding tissues by invading their space and taking the oxygen and nutrients they need to survive and function.• Tumors are cancerous only if they are malignant. This means that, because of their uncontrolled growth, they encroach on and invade neighboring tissues.• Malignant tumors may also travel to remote organs via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.• This process of invading and spreading to other organs is called metastasis. Bladder cancers are most likely to spread to neighboring organs and lymph nodes prior to spreading through the blood stream to the lungs, liver, bones, or other organs.

Of the different types of cells that form the bladder, the cells lining the inside of the bladder wall are most likely to develop cancer. Any of three different cell types can become cancerous. The resulting cancers are named after the cell types.

• Urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma): This is by far the most common type of bladder cancer in the United States. The so-called transitional cells are normal cells that form the innermost lining of the bladder wall. In transitional cell carcinoma, these normal lining cells undergo changes that lead to the uncontrolled cell growth characteristic of cancer.• Squamous cell carcinoma: These cancers originate from the thin, flat cells that typically form as a result of bladder inflammation or irritation that has taken place for many months or years.• Adenocarcinoma: These cancers form from cells that make up glands. Glands are specialized structures that produce and release fluids such as mucus.• In the United States, urothelial carcinomas account for more than 90% of all bladder cancers. Squamous cell carcinomas make up 3%-8%, and adenocarcinomas make up 1%-2%.

Only transitional cells normally line the rest of the urinary tract. The kidneys, the ureters (narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder, and the urethra are lined with these cells.

• However, these three types of cancer can develop anywhere in the urinary tract.• If abnormal cells are found anywhere in the urinary tract, a search for other areas of abnormal cells is warranted. For example, if cancerous cells are found in the bladder, an evaluation of the kidneys and ureters is essential.

Bladder cancers are classified (staged) by how deeply they invade into the bladder wall, which has several layers. Many physicians subdivide bladder cancer into superficial and invasive disease. Superficial bladder cancer is limited to the innermost linings of the bladder (known as the mucosa and lamina propria). Invasive bladder cancer has at least penetrated the muscular layer of the bladder wall.

• Nearly all adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas are invasive. Thus, by the time these cancers are detected, they have usually already invaded the bladder wall.• Many urothelial cell carcinomas are not invasive. This means that they go no deeper than the superficial layer (mucosa) of the bladder.

In addition to stage (how deep the cancer penetrates in the bladder wall), the grade of the bladder cancer provides important information and can help guide treatment. The tumor grade is based on the degree of abnormality observed in a microscopic evaluation of the tumor.

Cells from a high-grade cancer have more changes in form and have a greater degree of abnormality when viewed microscopically than do cells from a low-grade tumor. This information is provided by the pathologist, a physician trained in the science of tissue diagnosis.

• Low-grade tumors are less aggressive.• High-grade tumors are more dangerous and have a propensity to become invasive. Papillary tumors are urothelial carcinomas that grow narrow, finger-like projections.• Benign (noncancerous) papillary tumors (papillomas) grow projections out into the hollow part of the bladder. These can be easily removed, but they sometimes grow back.• These tumors vary greatly in their potential to come back (recur). Some types rarely recur after treatment; other types are very likely to do so.• Papillary tumors also vary greatly in their potential to be malignant (invasive). A small percentage (15%) do invade the bladder wall. Some invasive papillary tumors grow projections both into the bladder wall and into the hollow part of the bladder.

In addition to papillary tumors, bladder cancer can develop in the form of a flat, red (erythematous) patch on the mucosal surface. This is called carcinoma-in-situ (CIS).

• Although these tumors are superficial, they are high-grade and have a high risk for becoming invasive.

Of all types of cancer, bladder cancer has an unusually high propensity for recurring after treatment. Bladder cancer has a recurrence rate of 50%-80%. The recurring cancer is usually, but not always, of the same type as the first (primary) cancer. It may be in the bladder or in another part of the urinary tract (kidneys or ureters).

Bladder cancer is most common in industrialized countries. It is the fifth most common type of cancer in the United States-the fourth most common in men and the ninth in women.

• Each year, about 67,000 new cases of bladder cancer are expected, and about 13,000 people will die of the disease in the U.S.• Bladder cancer affects three times as many men as women. Women, however, often have more advanced tumors than men at the time of diagnosis.• Whites, both men and women, develop bladder cancers twice as often as other ethnic groups. In the United States, African Americans and Hispanics have similar rates of this cancer. Rates are lowest in Asians.• Bladder cancer can occur at any age, but it is most common in people older than 50 years of age. The average age at the time of diagnosis is in the 60s. However, it clearly appears to be a disease of aging, with people in their 80s and 90s developing bladder cancer as well.• Because of its high recurrence rate and the need for lifelong surveillance, bladder cancer is the most expensive cancer to treat on a per patient basis.

Please log on to :http://www.cancertreatment-wecareindia.com/bladder_cancer.html

Please log on to :http://www.cancertreatment-wecareindia.com/bladder_cancer.html

contact Email :info@cancertreatment-wecareindia.com



About the Author

Pankaj Nagpal – About the Author:Welcome to World Class Treatment and Surgery by We Care Health Services, India. Contact Us : http://www.indiahospital tour.com || E-mail us on : info@indiahospitaltour.com || Contact Center Tel. :(+91) 9029304141. The surgery and medical treatments offered by We Care Health Services at JCI Accredited / ISO Certified Hospitals are vast and varied; ranging from Heart Surgery in India, Cardiology to Cardio Thoracic surgery, Total Knee / Hip / Ankle / Shoulder Joint Replacement Surgery in India including ACL reconstruction Surgery to Birmingham Hip Resurfacing Surgery in India , Spine Surgery in India like Discectomy / Laminectomy Surgery, Cervical Decompression to Anterior / Posterior Spinal Fusion Surgery in India, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Cancer surgery, Sterotactic Radiotherapy, Autologous / Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant Surgery to Breast Cancer treatments, Near relative Kidney Transplant Surgery to Dialysis and Kidney Biopsy, Low Cost Liver Transplants Surgery, Hysterectomy (Vaginal / Abdominal) to Ovarian Cystectomy, Hernia repair Surgery to Cholecystectomy, Advanced Neurosurgery in India, Bariatric surgery, Gastric Bypass Surgery in India, Eye Surgery in India, Cornea Transplant, Cataract Surgery to LASIK Eye care Surgery, IVF, ICSI, Egg Donor to Surrogacy, Minimally Invasive surgery or Laparoscopic Surgery to Cochlear Implants, Breast Lift / Tummy Tuck, Face Lift to Low Cost Rhinoplasty Cosmetic Surgery, multi specialty Hospitals in India offering first world treatments with board certified highly qualified medical consultants in attendance at third world prices..










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Mesothelioma May be Combated With Viruses

Posted on December 2, 2011 by duncan

Mesothelioma May be Combated With Viruses

Article by Agatha Simona









They are typically thought of as a cause of illness, but viruses may also be an important key to fighting the asbestos-linked cancer, mesothelioma. Medical researchers in Japan are using viruses to deliver information directly into mesothelioma cells in mice that can help the cells respond better to cancer-fighting medication. Most mesothelioma patients are exposed to asbestos fibers at work in industrial settings. Many countries around the world have placed controls on the use of asbestos.Because of Mesothelioma cancer’s extended latency period when the disease is finally discovered, patients rarely survive very long afterward. However, because of the length of Mesothelioma’s latency period, the number of victims around the world many continues to rise.

The researchers first tested their approach to gene therapy in test tubes, delivering genetic information to mesothelioma cells using modified viruses called retroviruses. In the past, scientists primarily used retroviruses that were unable to replicate themselves, to ensure that the replication process did not get out of control. But for their recent experiments, the Japanese team used replicable viruses – called replication-competent (RCR) viruses – instead.

While it is considered a riskier approach, using replication-competent viruses is also thought to be more effective because they can help get the key genes into more cells. This was the case in the Japanese study. The team reports that the marker gene “successfully infected and efficiently replicated” in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines in vitro without affecting non-malignant mesothelial cells.

Next, the researchers tried the same experiment in live subjects. When the replication-competent retrovirus was injected into the tumors of mesothelioma-infected mice, it showed “robust spread” and “efficient transmission” of the prodrug activator gene throughout entire tumor masses. The infected tumors were then treated with an anti-fungal drug called 5-fluorocytosine, which interferes with the building of certain essential proteins.

In a recent report of their findings in the journal Cancer Gene Therapy, the researchers say the process resulted in “significant inhibition” of tumor growth and “significantly prolonged survival” in mice with peritoneal mesothelioma. They write, “These data indicate the potential utility of RCR vector-mediated prodrug activator therapy in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma.”

Gene therapy is a promising new area of research for mesothelioma, a rare but incurable disease that is caused by exposure to the mineral asbestos. Its fast growth, drug resistance, and irregular tumor shape tend to make mesothelioma difficult to treat with conventional therapies.



About the Author

Mesothelioma cancer patient resource with questions and answers about mesothelioma, a deadly cancer caused by asbestos exposure.










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How does lung cancer cause someone’s face to significantly change shape?

Posted on December 1, 2011 by duncan

Question by Rush Limbaugh: How does lung cancer cause someone’s face to significantly change shape?
a man by the name of Bryan Curtis was diagnosed with lung cancer…….
and in 2 months time; went from looking perfectly healthy to looking extremely thin and unrecognizable.
(if you search on google you can probably find the before and after photos.)

That an extreme difference in 2 months time.

How does someone’s face change shape that drastically in 2 months?

Best answer:

Answer by *Blush*
cancer (or cancer treatments) can cause extreme weight loss. That’s probably the cause

What do you think? Answer below!

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SARCOMA Cancer Treatment In India at Mumbai at Low Cost

Posted on December 1, 2011 by duncan

SARCOMA Cancer Treatment In India at Mumbai at Low Cost

Article by Pankaj Nagpal









WHAT IS SARCOMA Cancer ?

A sarcoma is basically a cancer that is of the connective or supportive tissue, which are basically a bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels and soft tissue. This term is derived from the Greek word, which means ‘fleshy growth’. Sarcomas are also referred to Bone tumours but they belong to an entirely different category, due to their different experimental and infinitesimal distinctiveness and they are also treated another way. One of the most common childhoods bone cancers are known as Osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma. In adults Soft tissue sarcomas are seen as being more common than would be usually found in children.

Types of soft tissue sarcoma

There are many types of soft tissue sarcoma, and they tend to grow and develop differently. The most common types are described below. Your doctor will be able to give you more details about which type of sarcoma you have. Each type of sarcoma is named after the type of cell from which it has grown, rather than the part of the body in which it started. 1. Fibrosarcomas.2. Myxofibrosarcomas.3. Desmoid tumours.4. Liposarcomas.5. Synovial sarcomas.6. Rhabdomyosarcomas.7. Leiomyosarcomas.8. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNST).9. Angiosarcomas.10. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST).11. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS).12. Other sarcomas.13. Ewing’s tumours.14. Soft tissue sarcomas in children.

Fibrosarcoma : – Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises from fibroblasts (cells that produce connective tissue). This is a type of sarcoma that is predominantly found in the area around bones or in soft tissue.

Myxofibrosarcomas : – This is a type of fibrous sarcoma and the most common type of sarcoma in older people. They were previously called malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFH). It is not clear which type of cell they start from. Myxofibrosarcomas can affect any part of the body, but most commonly occur in the arms or legs

Desmoid tumors : – Desmoid tumors arise from connective tissue – the cells involved with the formation of muscle, fibrous and nerve tissue. Desmoid tumors, also called aggressive fibromatoses, are locally aggressive. This means that they can grow into and even destroy adjacent normal tissues, even bones. They do not, however, have the capacity to spread distantly (metastasize) throughout the body. Hence, most doctors consider desmoid tumors to be benign and not malignant.

Liposarcomas : – These sarcomas start in the body’s fat cells. They can grow anywhere in the body and most commonly affect middle-aged people. Some grow very slowly (taking many years to develop) and others more quickly.

Synovial sarcomas : – Synovial sarcomas usually start near to joints, such as the knee or elbow, but can occur in any part of the body. They usually appear as hard lumps and are more common in younger adults.

Rhabdomyosarcomas : – Rhabdomyosarcomas grow in the active muscles of the body that we can control. These muscles are known as skeletal muscle or striated muscle. Rhabdomyosarcomas occur mostly in the head, neck and pelvis, but can occur in the arms or legs.

There are three sub-types of rhabdomyosarcoma: embryonal, alveolar and pleomorphic.

Embryonal : – Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas tend to occur more commonly in children, while alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas occur more in the limbs of teenagers and young adults. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma tends to occur in middle-aged people.

Leiomyosarcomas : – Leiomyosarcomas start from smooth muscle that is not under our conscious control. Smooth muscle is also called involuntary muscle and forms the walls of the womb, stomach, intestine and the blood vessels. Leiomyosarcoma is one of the more common types of sarcoma and can occur anywhere in the body.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNST) : – These sarcomas arise in the cells that cover nerve cells and can occur anywhere in the body. The cells around the nerve cells are called schwann cells. MPNST can also be called malignant schwannomas or neurofibrosarcomas. They most commonly occur in people who have a rare genetic disorder called neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s disease).

Angiosarcomas : – Angiosarcomas start from the cells that make up the walls of blood or lymph vessels. If they develop from blood vessels they are called haemangiosarcomas. If they start from the lymph vessels they are called lymphangiosarcomas. Angiosarcomas sometimes arise in a part of the body that has been treated with radiotherapy many years before.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) : – GISTs are sarcomas that develop from the connective tissues in the walls of the digestive system. The digestive system is often called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This type of tumour may also be called GI stromal sarcoma. They behave differently from other types of sarcoma and are treated very differently.

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) : – Although Kaposi’s sarcoma is a type of sarcoma, it differs from other sarcomas in the way it develops. It starts from cells in the skin. Coloured patches or lumps can develop in the skin, in the mouth, and in the lymph nodes or internal organs such as the lung, liver or spleen.

Kaposi’s sarcoma can affect people with a weakened immune system, including people with HIV and Aids. Other types can affect people of Jewish, Italian and West African origin. Kaposi’s sarcoma is treated differently to other types of soft tissue sarcoma.

Other sarcomas : – There are other, much rarer, types of sarcoma. These include : –

• alveolar soft part sarcoma.• dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP).• desmoplastic small round cell tumours.• epithelioid sarcomas.• extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas.• giant cell fibroblastoma (GCF).

RISKS FACTORS OF SARCOMA CANCER

Age : – Soft tissue sarcoma can be diagnosed at any age, but is more likely to develop in people over 30.

Radiation : – Radiotherapy given as a treatment for other cancers can sometimes cause a sarcoma to develop years after the original treatment. This is because the radiation can affect healthy tissue in the treated area. A radiation induced sarcoma will not usually develop for at least 10 years after the original treatment. This is quite rare.

Radiotherapy and surgery for breast cancer can cause lymphoedema. A very small number of women with lymphoedema of the arm have gone on to develop a form of sarcoma called lymphangiosarcoma. We must stress that this is very rare and can take many years to develop.

Family history : – There are a few rare genetic conditions that can increase your risk of getting a sarcoma. These are • Neurofibromatosis.• Li-Fraumeni syndrome.• Retinoblastoma.It is very unlikely that any of these conditions run in your family and you do not know about it. Any genetic condition can crop up in a family that has not had it before. But this is extremely rare. It happens because the same genetic fault that causes the disease to run in families has occurred randomly in a developing baby.

Neurofibromatosis : – is a genetic disease that causes non cancerous (benign) tumours to form in the nerves under the skin and in other parts of the body. But the risk of getting a very rare sarcoma called a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour is increased. About 15% of people with neurofibromatosis will have one of these cancers.

Li Fraumeni syndrome : – is a genetic syndrome that causes many cancers to occur in the affected families. It is sometimes called family cancer syndrome. Families with Li Fraumeni syndrome are at a higher risk of breast cancer, brain tumours, leukaemias and other cancers. They are also at a higher risk of developing soft tissue sarcomas.

Retinoblastoma : – is a type of inherited eye cancer. It is nearly always diagnosed in childhood. Children who have had retinoblastoma also have an increased risk of developing a soft tissue sarcoma in the future. They also have an increased risk of getting a bone tumour (osteosarcoma).

Exposure to chemicals : – Several chemicals are thought to be linked to sarcomas. These include

• Vinyl chloride (a chemical used in making plastics. PVC is poly vinyl chloride).• Some types of herbicides (weedkillers)• Dioxins (a defoliant)

Injury : – Sometimes people think that an injury has caused a cancer. There is no evidence that an injury of any kind can cause a sarcoma. Because of the swelling, an injury may lead to a cancer that was already there being diagnosed. Cancers take many years to develop. In most cases where people think an injury responsible, the injury has only happened recently and so is unlikely to be linked to the cancer.

Symptoms / Signs of Sarcoma Cancer

1. Bone pain is the most common problem causing the patient to see a doctor – although specific complaints vary.2. Progressing pain and/or swelling and fever may occur.3. Pain may be worse at night.4. Pain may be relieved by rest / not putting weight on the affected limb.5. Symptoms similar to those of injuries, bursitis, arthritis or benign bony tumors, so diagnosis is difficult.

Diagnosis of Sarcoma Cancer

The only reliable way to determine if a soft tissue tumor is benign or cancerous is through a surgical biopsy. During this procedure, your doctor makes an incision or uses a special needle to remove a sample of tumor tissue. A pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope. If cancer is present, the pathologist can usually determine the type of cancer and its grade. The grade of the tumor is determined by how abnormal the cells appear when examined under a microscope. The grade predicts the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. Low-grade sarcomas, although cancerous, are unlikely to metastasize or spread. High-grade sarcomas are more likely to spread to other parts of the body.

Treatment of Sarcoma Cancer in India

Treatment options for soft tissue sarcomas include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan for your child will depend on the stage of the cancer, which is based on size and grade of the tumor and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. 1. Surgery for Sarcoma Cancer in India : – Surgery is the most common treatment for soft tissue sarcomas. Your doctor may remove the cancer and a safe margin of healthy tissue around it. Depending on the size and location of the sarcoma, it may be necessary to remove all or part of an arm or leg but amputation is rare. In most cases, radiation or chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to kill remaining cancer cells.

2. Radiation Therapy for Sarcoma Cancer in India : – Radiation therapy is treatment with high-dose X-rays, given before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to kill any cancer cells that may have been left behind.

3. Chemotherapy for Sarcoma Cancer in India : – Chemotherapy is treatment with anti-cancer drugs. Chemotherapy may be used to shrink tumors and make the tumor more accessible for removal by surgery or radiation treatment, or sometimes both. If the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, treatment is more difficult. In some situations, intense therapy with drugs, radiation and surgery followed by bone marrow or peripheral stem cell transplant may be used. Some children may be eligible to participate in research projects, or clinical trials, to test new anti-cancer drugs. Patients with soft tissue sarcomas usually receive chemotherapy intravenously, meaning it’s injected into a blood vessel.

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